Perception of Crime and the Criminal Justice System

Perception of aversion and the Criminal Justice System hesitation 1Fear of offensive is defined by Ferraro (Ferraro, 1995 8) as an delirious rejoinder of dread or anxiety to horror or symbols that a person associates with offense ( science lab, 2014 11). In opposite words alarm creates damaging emotions with a dupe that imp subr extinctines negatively on and traumatize the individual. For deterrent casing re tout ensembley often a woman is sc atomic number 18d to open the approach of her support by and bywards she or an acquaintance swallow been exposed to an armed kinsfolkhold robbery in the recent past.Deterrence is defined in the SBS learning guide (CPM100 5) as Means stay freshing villainy in general because of dread of being caught by police, prosecuted through the courts and punished. It in same(p) manner means eliminating the physical opportunities to site iniquity by the presence of a police official, or by using locks or alarms and other (physical ) measures according to Van Heerden (Van Heerden,1976154-155). The Merriam-Webster On-line lexicon defines discouragerence as the inhibition of criminal behavior by fear especially of punishment (http//www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/deterrence date of attack 19 meet 2015) In other words you will refrain from drunkenness more than drinks at a pub than allowed by the jural barrier according to the law. If you know that if you dink more than two beers will contribute in the blood alcohol level in your blood exceeds the legal limit, you will stick to it or arrange for designated driver. The itemor that will go on you is that the police have roadblocks in your ara where they test your blood alcohol levels. The penalty for imbibing and driving very severe and you may in like manner loose your drivers license for a period. The idea of those consequences deters you from drinking and driving.a) The first one is referred to as Specific deterrence. It focuses ad hocally o n the individual. The locate of this deterrence is to maintain repeat offences by the individual by reject a repetition and by creating an understanding that in that location will be consequences.b) Secondly there is General or indirect deterrence. This deterrence focuses on making examples of perpetrators. It is not specifically focuses on influencing the public view and cognition by instilling harsh and decisive punishment for criminal offenses deplumeted. It focuses on manageable incoming wrongdoers and prevents crimes in front they can be committed.(Schmalleger, 2003, p. 406), (http//www.bookrags.com/essay-2005/4/17/32917/6373/gsc.tab=0 , picture of accessed 19 edge 2015). In other words specific deterrence focuses on the perpetrator that was being found blameable in a court of law and receives his sentencing. The severity of the punishment will deter him from committing crime in rising. General or indirect deterrence focuses more on the general public by making an example of this specific offender and instilling a suitable sentence in magnitude to discourage future offenders from committing similar crimes.a) The first requirement of deterrence is ruggedness according to Lab (2014175), it is when you have to ensure the punishment will be harsh enough in golf-club to deter the would be offender from committing the offence. If an would be armed robber knows that should he be caught and found guilty in a court of law, he will be sentenced to a minimum of twenty years in prison.b) Certainty fit to Lab (2014 175) it deal with the chances of being caught, in other words if the would be offender knows that the police is understaffed and that the detectives be inexperienced and have just to frequently work, chances of them focusing on every docket ar very slim, he capability not be deterred from committing the crime. If the local police are comprehend to be corrupt and criminals knew that from experience they can buy their way out, they m ight nit be deterred.c) Celerity match to Lab(2014 276) it deals with the swiftness of punishment or pain in the ass that will be inflicted later on committing a crime. swift punishment after there experiencing of the pleasure of committing the crime is wished in order to prevent a possible crime. Should a criminal be caught soon after an armed robbery that as widely published a be arraigned in court soon after that serves as a deterrent. Should you be able to get swift trial and conviction while the act that he committed is still fresh in the minds of himself, and the public, it serves well as a deterrent, both(prenominal) for the criminal and other would-be criminals alike. An example of this case of prevention is the incident that was reported on bleaks24 on the 22nd of March 2015. (http//www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Two-held-for-Joburg-armed-robbery-20150322 Date Accessed 24 March 2015) Two armed robbers attacked a guy that walked down the street in Johannesburg CBD. T hey wanted to carry his bags and he refused. They threatened him with a poke and robbed him of R40. Shortly after the incident the victim saw a police officer and alerted him. The two thugs were arrested and the money and knife found on them. They appeared in court on the 23rd oh March. Swift action and decisive, witnessed by many bystanders.1.5.a) Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED). Lab (2014 54) is of the opinion that the hardenings of architectural design, that include the whole layout of cities and neck of the woodss as well as houses by means of physical security measures prevent crime. In other words if you design a propinquity for instance with just one or two entrance/exit roads you can forcefulnessively prevent crime by controlling the traffic. If those access routes are protected by CCTV cameras that monitor the traffic, even better.b) Neighborhood Crime legal community Lab (2014 85) mentions that Neighborhood and Block Watches increases community awareness. The community discusses unwashed difficultys and gets to know each other they serve out for each other and solve problems together. The community also contributes and pool recourses, for instance by patrolling the neighborhood with their own vehicles at own expense. Garscom is a very successful community-policing joining that operates in the Garsfontein area. It is run and organized by the community and has regular interaction with the Garsfontein police Station. other function of the forum is that they have an open door to the Station Commander where they report good and bad performances by the members of the station.c) version and Diffusion check to Lab (2014 113) if a community makes it more terrible for a armed robber to rob a shop, due to the fact that more and more shop owners armed themselves, the robbers would move to a safer neighborhood to sign. In other words if a home owner installs brigand proofing to the windows of his house and install an burge r alarm and build a two beat wall around his house, the would be burgled would rather target a softer target and if a whole neighborhood does the same the burglar would target a different neighborhood that is a softer target.d) Using the mass media to prevent crime agree to Lab (2014 136) the implementation of the mass media to fight/prevent crime can be very utile. TV Shows like Crimestop and When Duty Calls where crime is reported and where photos of known criminals or suspects are shown and the publics cooperation is communicate are very useful in preventing crime.e) Developmental Crime barroom According to Lab (2014158) this type of primary crime prevention, targets the potential of deal to become criminals. In other words it targets the behavior, beliefs and attitudes that are learned by youths. These programmes target the youth and attempt to embed the right environments and learning at an early stage. Essentially what the youngsters learn and are exposed to dictate thei r future behavior. Captain Crime Stop has been used to great prepare in the past to visit pre and primary schools with personateations and shows to influence kids behavior.a) expectation for Secondary Prevention According to Lab (2014 194) The prediction of future offend where proper variables are used to perform analysis in order to prevent crime can be very effective. The two types are Clinical and actuarial prediction. Clinical prediction involves more personal interviews and evaluations, where Actuarial prediction is done based on known parameters in visible(prenominal) data. Data can be collected per police ward as per the CAS System and the management can analyze the data on for instance house robberies and then design a plan specifically to restrict these types of crimes in the area.b) Situational Crime Prevention According to Lab (2014215 235) this type of crime prevention focuses to a great extent on planning before implementation. It leads to a more focused approach where places, individuals, and different things at guess are identified that are at risk to victimisation and repeated victimization is prevented. For example, smash and grab incidents occur regularly at the zombie on the fly-over in Garsfontein road. Female drivers early in the morning or just before sunset are targeted. A task team is formed and tasked to draft a plan on how to prevent the victimization of female drivers that drive alone in their cars.c) Partnerships for crime prevention According to Lab(2014 237 254) it includes Community policing. A very typical example is the old ensample of the British Police, the bobby on the beat. A specific police officer is depute to a street, like for instance Oxford Street. He patrols this street every faulting and gets to know all the shop owners, newspaper sales vendors and other plenty that frequent the street. He knows the ins and outs of the area and the people that frequent there providing a personal service to them. In Gar sfontein specific police officers per shift are assigned to specific sectors to work in.d) Drugs, Crime and Crime Prevention According to Lab (2014 255 296) drugs and the use and sale of drugs have a definite effect on crime in an area. Drug addicts to support their habits for instance commit theft, prostitution and other petty crimes. Focus on the drug dealers and pull back them out of the equation and you bring down the levels of crime.e) Removing the potential reward(s) of the crime According to website of The New York City Alliance Against Sexual round off under the headspring Factsheets Crime Prevention (http//www.svfreenyc.org/survivors_factsheet_17.html Date of access 24 March 2015) it mentions the removal of the potential reward(s) of the crime as a form of secondary crime prevention. It mentions that shop owners place tags on clothes that marks/stains the clothing with ink is it is removed after been stolen, thus rendering the reward/clothing useless. Another example closer to home is the method used by money in transit companies to arm the cash containers with ink cartridges that stains the money if the container is opened after been stolen.1.7.a) Specific Deterrence Imprisonment According to Lab(2104 301 304), imprisonment serves as a form of tertiary deterrence. He argues that it is not the most effective form, but one of the most accepted forms used by community/the judicial system to prevent recidivism.b) Incapacitation Tertiary Crime Prevention According to Lab (2014 297 335) involves tertiary crime prevention the actions taken to prevent the offender to repeat such an offence. Most of tertiary crime prevention travel with in the formal judicial system that means suitable punishment or pain inflicted by the court of law on an offender. It also serves, as deterrence for would be offenders to prevent them from committing crimes. For instance if a car-thieve receives a ten to fifteen-year sentence, it should prevent him from committing another similar offence once he served his sentence. According to the web page of US Legal.com Definitions, incapacitation is defined as the effect of a sentence in terms of positively preventing the sentenced person from committing future offenses. This concept is different from the theory of specific deterrence in which an offender is punished to make him/her understand the specific consequences of his/her offense. Incapacitation aims to prevent future crimes by taking away the offenders ability to commit offenses (http//definitions.uslegal.com/i/incapacitation-sentencing/ Accessed 24 March 2015). The three strikes rule is a good example of this type of tertiary prevention. This law means that an offender with two anterior convictions is sentence to life imprisonment for the third offence. (Stanford Law School, Stanford Three Strikes Project, https//www.law.stanford.edu/organizations/programs-and-centers/stanford-three-strikes-project/three-strikes-basics Accessed 24 March 2014 )c) Electronic Monitoring According to Lab (2014 310 316) the use of electronic monitoring provides a new avenue of incarceration. The convict is attached to an electronic monitor that monitors his movement and take place the convict for instance under house arrest and monitors enables the authorities to ensure that he remains in his house.d) replenishment According to Lab (2014 317 335) replacement of criminals was the major method of tertiary crime prevention. He also argues that there is no uniform opinion that rehabilitation is very effective in recidivism. Lab mentions various rehabilitation programs like Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions, Intensive supervision and Restorative Justice as some that are implemented.Question 22.1.On the website BLAIR Analytics (http//www.bairanalytics.com/community/blog/crime-analysis-101-the-sara-model/, Accessed 24 March 2015), they schema the SARA Model as the qualitys that are taken in a problem orientating policing approach. These st eps areScanning The following discipline is gathered during this stepYou need to invest recurring problems of that is of concern to both the public and the police.You need to identify the consequences of the problem for the community and the police as identified in the first step.The identified problems need to be prioritized.The adjacent step is to develop goals that are not very specific, but are broadly defined.Before you can continue you need to reassure that the problems exist. succeeding(a) you need to find out how often the problems occur and what the duration of these problems were.The nigh step is to choose the most prevalent problems for closer scrutiny.Analysis sideline the steps taken in the examine phase you need to identify and form an understanding of situations and conditions that pre-empt or precede and also are present with the identified problem.The data then need to be collected pertaining to the problem need to be identified. happen upon similar types of pr oblems and research them. polish off a list of how the problem is now being dealt with and also look at how the current response reflects the strong points and the weak points of the approach.The scope of the problem ineluctably to be narrowed down and you need to look at specifics.Make a list of all he available recourses that may aid you to obtain a better or deeper understanding of the problem.The uttermost(a) step is to design a workable hypothesis on why there is a problem.Response The R in SARA stands for response. You completed the S scanning branch of the problem and also completed the A analysis of the problem. direct you need to look at the response. Take the following steps guard a brainstorming session to look for new type of interventions/strategies calculate out for other communities that experience similar challenges and have a look at their solutions.Identify what of those solutions or strategies you want to use.Draft a response plan and gather all role players. Stating the specific objectives for the response plan.The last step in this section is to implement the planned interventions.Assessment succeeding(a) the implementation of the plan(s) you have to do a proper assessmentYou need to find out is the designed plan was initialized and evaluate it.You need to gather qualitative and quantitative data of both before you responded with the plan and after you responded and compare it.Look at your goals that were set for the plan and find out if the specific objectives were reached.The process doesnt stop here you need to keep on looking for new strategies that may enhance the initial plan. concoct it is an ongoing process and you need to continuously assess and evaluate the process to make sure that is effective.(Website Center for Problem- Orientated Policing, University at Albany, State University of New York. http//www.popcenter.org/about/?p=sara Accessed 24 March 2014)2.2.a) Strengths Identify and list all the strong points and attribut es of your Unit or Police station and note it down.b) Weaknesses Identify and list all the weaknesses or perceived weaknesses of your Unit or Police station in dealing with the problem.c) Opportunities Identify and list all the opportunities you have available to deal with the identified problem.d) Threats Identify and list the threats experienced or anticipated.2.3.a) planningb) organizingc) leadingd) controllingList of ReferencesSteven P. LAB, Crime Prevention, 2014, 8th Edition, Anderson Publishing, and take shape of Elsevier 225 Wyman Street Waltham, MA 02451, USASouthern Business School, Crime Prevention Management 1 Study Guide (CPM 100), 2008 Business School revise 2014 (New Edition), Plot 10, R28 Service Road, Diswilmar, Krugersdorp.The Merriam-Webster On-line dictionary, (http//www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/deterrence date of access 19 March 2015)(Schmalleger, 2003, p. 406), (http//www.bookrags.com/essay-2005/4/17/32917/6373/gsc.tab=0, Accessed 19 March 2015).News24 o n the 22nd of March 2015. Two held for Joburg armed robberyhttp//www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Two-held-for-Joburg-armed-robbery-20150322 Date Accessed 24 March 2015Website The New York City Alliance Against Sexual Assault under the heading Factsheets Crime Prevention http//www.svfreenyc.org/survivors_factsheet_17.html Date of access 24 March 2015Web page of US Legal.com Definitions, http//definitions.uslegal.com/i/incapacitation-sentencing/, Accessed 24 March 2015Website BLAIR Analytics http//www.bairanalytics.com/community/blog/crime-analysis-101-the-sara-model/, Accessed 24 March 2015Website Center for Problem- Orientated Policing, University at Albany, State University of New York. http//www.popcenter.org/about/?p=sara Accessed 24 March 20141